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Introduction to Physics Mar 22, 2020 5:28:56 GMT -5

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Post by 1dave on Mar 22, 2020 5:28:56 GMT -5

Introduction to physics
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What is physics?
Preparing to study physics
Intro to vectors and scalars

Meet Sean, a creator of AP Physics on Khan Academy
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Introduction to physics

Video transcript
- [Voiceover] I could imagine that even the earliest human beings, or possibly pre-human beings had asked themselves the questions, "Why am I here? What is the nature of reality? "Why is the universe organized the way that it is?"

And these questions are what we attempt to answer in the field of physics... In the field of physics, which you could view maybe right after mathematics as the purest of the sciences. So you have math, which is very pure, and then on that foundation of math you have physics. And physics really does try to use that mathematics along with some core ideas to explain the phenomena, all the phenomena, of the universe. And physicists will the the first to admit that they are just beginning to understand the nature of reality, the nature of everything around us.

Now a lot of times, we think physics is only limited to things like cosmological phenomena or getting rockets into space, or how waves move or building structures.

But physics is the foundation for all of the other sciences.

When we think about chemistry, when we think about chemistry, which is at the end of the day interactions between atoms, those interactions are really physics-based interactions. So chemistry, chemistry is actually laid down on a foundation of physics.

And then even when we think about ourselves, our bodies, even our consciousness, our brains, it really all boils down to chemistry and physics.

It boils down to interactions between atoms and even mechanical properties of our bodies. And so even biology, even what we are, is built on a foundation of chemistry. So this is biology right over here, which is built on a foundation of physics, which is highly dependent on some of the math that you've been learning your whole life and that you will continue to learn.

And that fundamental question that you might have said, "Well you know, hey, why am I learning this math?"

Well one, 'cause the math is beautiful, but also you will see that it starts to, in almost the most pure way, describe the structure of the universe. And we're going to see that more and more and more as we go into physics.

All of this complex phenomena that you see around us, whether we're looking at a galaxy or we're looking at ocean waves, or we're looking at even biological systems, we'll see that a shocking amount of them can start to be described using some fairly elegant mathematics that we can build on and continue to build on.

Simple or elegant mathematics like force is equal to mass times acceleration. And we're gonna talk about force and acceleration as vector quantities.

We're gonna think about things like displacement, and I'll put it as a vector quantity, and we'll soon learn more about vector and scalar quantities are. Displacement is equal to velocity times time.

We'll learn things like acceleration is equal to change in velocity over change in time.

What we'll see with even a handful of very simple ideas like this. We'll go into much more depth in future videos. You can explain all sorts of complex phenomena.

And the one thing that I always loved about physics, and I don't think it's always fully appreciated, sometimes as you start to learn physics, you'll see all these complicated formula, all of these kind of complicated problems, but it's super valuable to realize it's all coming from some of these basic ideas.

Some of the things that I just mentioned, these ideas, we're gonna explore ideas of energy. We're going to explore Newton's laws. We're going to explain, we're gonna think about what are the the different types of forces out there, and why they might, why they might actually exist.

At its essence, it's all about trying to explain the complexity of the universe, predict what is going to happen based on simple ideas. And that's what physics is all about.

Now when we think of physics, it's been studied by humanity for a very, very long time. In fact, I'm sure we don't know who the first physicists were. But some of the, I guess you could say foundational thinkers in physics are these gentlemen that I have here. And this is just a... You could kind of say this is some of the most prominent thinkers in physics, but this is by no means a complete list.

First and foremost, we'd wanna include Isaac Newton. Especially when you start to study physics, you're starting to understand the world as Newton understood it. He understood, "Hey, you know, "things don't fall to the ground "just 'cause they always fall to, "just 'cause that's the way the universe is. "That's a force that's acting on it, "and maybe that same force that's causing me "to be stuck to my chair right now "is what keeps Earth orbiting around the Sun "or the moon orbiting around the Earth." He developed Law of Gravitation, Newton's Laws, and we're going to study that as we delve into our basic physics. And what we'll see, even classical mechanics, the physics that Newton established, can explain a large range of phenomena with amazing precision.

But as we get into the early 20th century, physics starts to get even more wild as we start to look at the scales of the super small, and we have Max Planck giving us quantum mechanics, and then we have Albert Einstein as we start thinking about super fast speeds, the speed of light, and we realize that's an absolute. That nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, which is this mind-boggling thing that we have these notions of general and special relativity, and we start realizing that the universe is in some ways more bizarre, and more mysterious, and more fascinating than we ever could have imagined.

But all of the work, even to understand the modern physics of Max Planck and Albert Einstein, it's based on a lot of the core ideas that were given to us by Isaac Newton, even people before Isaac Newton.

So as you go into your study of physics, and I'm kind of a physicist wannabe. I wanted to be a physicist. I imagined kind of, 'cause it's all about, we all wonder, why are we here? What is the nature of reality? Why do things happen the way they are?

And these are the questions that physics is attempting to answer. And so as you go into your study of physics, I wanna leave you with some quotes from these three gentlemen. So the first two are from Isaac Newton.

"Truth is ever to be found in simplicity, "and not in the multiplicity and the confusion of things."

And I really wanted to stress this, because a lot of times in your studies, you might be finding yourself memorizing formulas and vocabulary, but that's, if you're doing that, you're just at the very surface. But if you really start to think about it, really start to think about where these things come from, it'll come to simpler and simpler and more intuitive ideas. And then, you are getting closer to the truth. Now, I love this second quote from Isaac Newton.

"I do not know what I may appear to... "I do not know what I may appear to the world, "but to myself, I seem to have been only like a boy "playing on the seashore, "and diverting myself in now and then "finding a smoother pebble "or prettier shell than ordinary, "whilst the great ocean of truth "lay all undiscovered before me."

I like to imagine there's so much, we, even though we think we know so much, that we haven't even learned a small fraction of how the universe really is. And even a great thinker like Isaac Newton, he recognized this. He's like, "Hey, I'm just kind of dabbling "into the seashore and picking up a pebble there, "but there's this vast ocean "that I can't even begin to understand." You can even imagine alien civilizations that are thousands of years ahead of us technologically or scientifically or even millions of years, how they might perceive the reality, and they might see us as ants in that we are just beginning to scrape the surface of how the world works.

This is from Max Planck.

"When you change the way you look at things, "the things you look at change."

And I find this to be pretty profound, because it is true. As you study physics, you will start to see, whoa, most of what we consider to be reality, our current understanding is based on these forces, but what are these forces? And even these things that we think are solid, when we go down to the atomic level, we see it's mostly empty space and it's really just the interaction of forces that make us think that something is solid or there or tangible is some way.

And you realize these very tangible things aren't so tangible after all. At the end of the day, the whole world is just a mental model that we have. In some ways, it's an illusion that our mind creates so that we can operate inside of it.

But we're just beginning to understand it.

And last but not least, and there's actually a ton of great quotes from these folks and others, but especially Albert Einstein.

"The most beautiful experience "we can have is the mysterious. "It is the fundamental emotion that stands "at the cradle of true art and true science."

And I really want you to take this to heart as you study your physics. There will be times where we're going to be building our tool kits.

What's a vector? What's a scalar? Going into some mathematics, proving some formulas. Those are the tool kits, but then we're gonna try to understand fundamental phenomena.

How does the universe actually work? And if when we start to think about these, you don't get a few chills on your skin, a few goosebumps, and feel that the universe is more mysterious than you thought, then we're not studying physics the say that we should be studying physics.

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Introduction to Physics Mar 22, 2020 5:41:01 GMT -5

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Post by 1dave on Mar 22, 2020 5:41:01 GMT -5

www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/a/what-is-physics-ap1

What is physics?

To be honest, it’s really difficult to define exactly what physics is.

For one, physics keeps changing as we progress and make new discoveries.

New theories don't just bring new answers. They also create new questions that might not have even made sense when viewed from within the previous theory of physics.

This makes physics exciting and interesting, but it also forces attempts at defining physics into generalizations about what physics has been rather than what it might be at some point in the future.

That said, definitions are useful. So, if it’s a definition you want, it’s a definition you’ll get.
For the most part, physicists are trying to do the following:

Precisely define the most fundamental measurable quantities in the universe (e.g., velocity, electric field, kinetic energy). The effort to find the most fundamental description of the universe is a quest that has historically always been a big part of physics, as can be seen in the comic image below. [What does fundamental mean?]
There are some measurable quantities that are not considered fundamental, like the population of Ireland or the value of the stock exchange. Even though those quantities are measurable, and theoretically might be describable using an unthinkably complex application of the fundamental laws of physics, we would not typically consider theories about such things to be physics.

Exactly where the line is drawn between fundamental and not fundamental is a little vague and shifts with history.

A good rule of thumb is that if you were to reply with the word “why?” over and over to whatever explanation a professor were giving you, the last and best scientific answer he or she would give you is most likely to be a law of physics, assuming they don't throw you out of their office before that point.

Find relationships between those fundamental measured quantities (e.g., Newton’s Laws, conservation of energy, special relativity). These patterns and correlations are expressed using words, equations, graphs, charts, diagrams, models, and any other means that allow us to express a relationship in a way that we as humans can better understand and use. [Math makes things simpler?!]

Believe it or not, the principles, graphs, laws, and equations used in physics were not created to make explaining the universe more difficult; they are there to make it easier to explain the universe and precisely illustrate the patterns found within it. This might serve as little solace to a physics student struggling with a seemingly random and unrelated set of equations and definitions, but try to remember that underneath all of the intimidating and sometimes foreign-looking mathematical symbols, there is usually a simple conceptual idea. The math simply makes it possible to formulate a conceptual idea in a very precise and concise manner.

Image credit: Adventures Inside the Atom, 1948 General Electric, George Roussos (public domain)

OK, so boiling physics down to only two things is admittedly a bit of a gross simplification and glosses over some of the finer points of what physicists do and how they do it.

But trying to describe a complex universe with simple and useful clarifying laws is what physics is all about. So maybe trying to describe the complex activity of what physicists do with a simple and clarifying definition isn’t such a bad idea after all.

What will I learn by studying physics on Khan Academy?
In physics, we want to explain why objects move around the way they do. However, it would be hard to explain motion if we didn't know how to describe motion.

So first, in the topics One-dimensional motion and Two-dimensional motion, we'll learn how to precisely describe the motion of objects and predict their motion for some special cases.

With the ability to precisely describe motion under our belt, we'll learn in Forces and Newton's Laws how the concept of force allows us to explain why objects change their motion.
We'll continue mastering and expanding our ability to deal with motion by showing that conservation laws are an alternative way to explain the motion of an object. These conservation laws give constraints on how the motion of a system can change. Conservation of energy will be learned in Work and energy, and conservation of momentum will be learned in Linear momentum and collisions.

Up to that point we'll have mostly considered objects that are not changing their rotational motion, so in Rotational motion and torque we'll learn how to describe and explain rotational motion and pick up a new conservation law along the way—conservation of angular momentum.

After this point, we'll deploy what we learned about motion, forces, and conservation laws to analyze how to deal with a variety of new forces and phenomena. In Simple harmonic motion and Waves and sound we'll Learn what water waves and woodwind instruments have in common.

We'll explore a new force—the electric force—in Electric charge and electric force. In DC circuits we'll see how electric forces cause current to flow.

By the end you should have a nice understanding of introductory physics and the mathematical tools physicists use to describe and explain the universe. But no summary can describe all the interesting and powerful aspects of physics.

The best way to find out is to jump in and see for yourself.

Last Edit: Mar 22, 2020 5:42:00 GMT -5 by 1dave

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Introduction to Physics Mar 22, 2020 5:49:47 GMT -5

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Post by 1dave on Mar 22, 2020 5:49:47 GMT -5

www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/a/preparing-to-study-physics
Preparing to study physics

What does it take to start learning physics?

What should I know to succeed in physics?

Physics can be intimidating, and people often want to know about the prerequisites to start learning physics. Listed below is a rough guide for the bare minimum of what you should know before taking particular physics classes.

Conceptual Physics prerequisites:
All you really need is an open mind, a desire to learn, and a willingness to accept that 90% of what you thought about the universe might be wrong.

Intro/Honors Physics prerequisites:

Algebra Basics
Trigonometry with right angles and the Pythagorean theorem

AP Physics 1 prerequisites:

1. Algebra Basics
2. Trigonometry with right angles and the Pythagorean theorem

AP Physics 2 prerequisites:

1. Algebra Basics
2. Trigonometry with right angles and the Pythagorean theorem
3. Basic Probability

All of the ideas and concepts of AP Physics 1 are a prerequisite for AP Physics 2.

You don't need to know every math idea in algebra and trigonometry, and you can learn a lot of it along the way, but the more math that's foreign to you the likelier it is that physics might look like mathematical witchcraft.

Remember, the math isn't there to serve as some sort of intellectual roadblock to prevent people from understanding. The role of math here is to state a physics concept in a concise and clear way.

Try not to let the math obscure the basic and, usually simple, physics concept that lies underneath.
More important than existing math knowledge, is your mindset. No matter how much you prepare, you'll come up against roadblocks. The key to being successful is knowing you can work hard and ultimately overcome these obstacles!

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Introduction to Physics Mar 22, 2020 6:06:27 GMT -5

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Post by 1dave on Mar 22, 2020 6:06:27 GMT -5

www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars

Science
AP®︎ Physics 1 One-dimensional motion
AP Physics 1 foundations

Intro to vectors and scalars

Video transcript
What I want to do in this video is talk about the difference between vectors and scalars. And they might sound like very complicated ideas, but we'll see over the course of the videos that they're actually very simple ideas.

So first I'll give you a little bit of a definition. And then I'll give you a bunch of examples, and I think the examples will make things super clear. Hopefully, they'll make things super clear.

A vector is something that has a magnitude, or you could kind of view that as a size, and it has a direction. So "and" it has a direction.

A scalar only has a magnitude, or size.

And if that doesn't make sense to you, it will hopefully make sense to you in a second when I show you an example.
For example. Let's say that I have, let's say that that's the ground-- let me do the ground in a more appropriate ground-like color. So this is green right over here. And let's say that I have a brick here. I have a brick on the ground. And I pick up that brick, and I move it over to this place right over here. So I move the brick right over there. And then I take a ruler out, and I say, wow, I've moved the brick 5 meters.

So my question to you, is my measurement of 5 meters, is it a vector or a scalar? Well, if I just tell you 5 meters, you just know the size of the movement. You just know the magnitude of the movement. So if someone were to just say 5 meters, this is a scalar quantity. And when we're referring to moving something, or how much something has, I guess, changed its position, and I don't give you the direction, we're talking about distance. And I'm assuming you've heard the word distance. How far of a distance has something traveled? So this is distance. So we could say that this block, or this brick, because of my picking it up and moving it, has moved a distance of 5 meters.

But if I didn't show you this picture here, and someone just told you that it moved a distance of 5 meters, you wouldn't know if it moved to the right 5 meters, you wouldn't know if it moved to the left 5 meters, if it moved up or down or in or out, or-- You don't know what direction it moved 5 meters.

You just know it moved 5 meters. If you want to specify that, so, we could say that this brick right over here, that it moved 5 meters to the left. Now we have specified a magnitude, right over there.

So that is a magnitude. And we have specified a direction, to the left. So you now explicitly know that they went 5 meters to the-- oh, sorry. It should be 5 meters to the right. Let me change that. So, 5 meters to the right is what it got moved. It started here and went 5 meters to the right.

So once again, the magnitude is 5 meters, and the direction is to the right. So what I've just described to you right here is a vector quantity.

So this, all of this business right over here, this is a vector. And when you talk about the movement, the change in position, and you give its direction, the vector version of distance, I guess you could call it, is displacement. So this right here is displacement.

So the correct thing to say, you would say that this brick has been displaced 5 meters to the right, or it has been moved a distance of 5 meters. Distance is a scalar quantity-- I didn't tell you what direction we moved it in. Displacement is a vector quantity. We told you that it is to the right.

Now let's explore this if we talk about the actual, well, we'll talk about the speed or velocity of something. So let's say that this 5 meters was traveled and let's say that the change in time-- let me just, because you're probably not familiar with what that means. So let's say that the change in time right here, when I moved this block 5 meters, let's say that it was, I don't know, let's say that the change in time was 2 seconds.

So maybe right when the block started moving, maybe on my stopwatch it said 0. And then on my stopwatch when it stopped moving, it said, or when it got to this position, I should say-- when it left from this position, my stopwatch said 0. When it got to this position my stopwatch said 2 seconds. So the change in time, or the duration we're dealing with, is 2 seconds. And this is, for all we know, time only goes in the positive direction. So you could assume that it's, you could pick that as a vector or a scalar quantity, I guess, because there's only one direction for time, as far as we know, or at least in what we're going to deal with for the simple physics.

So what is a measure of how fast this thing moved? So, how fast did this thing move? So we could say it moved 5 meters in 2 seconds. Let me write this down. So it moved 5 meters per 2 seconds. Or we could write this as 5/2 of a meter per second. Or 5 divided by 2 is what? 5 divided by 2 is 2.5 meters per second. This right here is just the 5 divided by 2, let me make that clear.

That right there is just the 5 divided by the 2. So my question to you. This 2.5 meters per second tells you how far it traveled in a certain amount of time.

Is this a vector or a scalar quantity? It is telling you how fast it went, but is it giving you just a size of how fast it went? Or is it also giving you direction?

Well, I don't see any direction here. So this is a scalar quantity. And the scalar quantity for how fast something is going is speed. So we could say that the speed of the brick is 2.5 meters per second. Now, if we do the same calculation, and we say it went 5 meters-- I'll just write m for meters-- to the right in 2 seconds, then what do we get? We get 2.5, once again, 2.5 meters per second--

I'll just abbreviate them as meters per second-- to the right. So is this a vector or a scalar quantity?

I'm telling you the magnitude of the speed, that's right here. This is the magnitude, 2.5 meters per second. And I'm also telling you the direction, to the right. So this is a vector quantity. This is a vector quantity.

And when you specify both the speed and the direction, so the 2.5 meters per second is a scalar, and the direction, you are talking about velocity.
You are talking about velocity.

So an easy way to think about it, if you're thinking about change in position and you specify the direction of the change in position, you're talking about displacement. If you're not talking about the direction, you want the scalar version, you're talking about distance.

If you're talking about how fast something is going, and you give the direction that it's going in, you're talking about velocity. If you don't give the direction you are talking about speed.

Hopefully that helps you a little bit.

In the next video, we're going start working with these a little bit to start solving some basic questions about how fast something is going, or how far it might travel, or how long it might take it to get someplace.

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Preparing to study physics
Meet Sean, a creator of AP Physics on Khan Academy
AP® is a registered trademark of the College Board, which has not reviewed this resource.

Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere.

Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Donate or volunteer today!
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1dave
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Introduction to Physics Mar 22, 2020 6:14:56 GMT -5

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Post by 1dave on Mar 22, 2020 6:14:56 GMT -5

www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/v/meet-sean-a-creator-of-ap-physics-on-khan-academy

Meet Sean, a creator of AP Physics on Khan Academy

A physics teacher for seven years, Sean has taught AP Physics 1, AP Physics C, and Conceptual Physics. He’s also a former mechanical engineer. Sean is based in Boise, Idaho, and is Khan Academy’s physics fellow, creating awesome new exercises and articles for AP Physics.

Video transcript
- I have taught AP Physics classes for the last seven years. AP Physics One, AP Physics B, back in the day, and AP Physics C now. I try to make my lessons personable, relate to the student, offer them real life examples where things happen, but also focus on, instead of, a bunch of little memorization facts, like, what's the big idea that helps you figure out all these different situations for, allows you to be a more robust problem solver.

So, we're focusing on the big core ideas of our subject, being physics, and I think you'll find that across all the different AP content subjects. We are finely tuned to what the AP exam is gonna be like, directly. And we are building in videos for instructions, specific to that, and also we have practice exercises that I'm really excited about, that, you can assign it to students, and there's hints, and there's feedback, why a certain problem is wrong, and why a certain problem is right.

And then it shows you the solution path of how you would get to the solution. So, when you assign a student a problem, they don't have to wait a whole 24 hours, until they get back to class. They can get it wrong, fail early, try another one, fail often, and do a couple times on that.

And I actually think my students might actually do more, homework, 'cause they're getting instant feedback on the process, rather than just trying a couple, and getting stuck, and like, "Ah, I'm frustrated, I'm outta here." They can really get in the seat, and stay in it, because they're getting instant feedback and help as they're working through problems. I think that's gonna be really powerful.

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Intro to vectors and scalars
AP® is a registered trademark of the College Board, which has not reviewed this resource.

Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere.

Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Donate or volunteer today!
Site Navigation

Last Edit: Mar 22, 2020 6:23:11 GMT -5 by 1dave

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RIP mohstly

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Introduction to Physics Mar 22, 2020 9:23:21 GMT -5 1dave likes this

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Post by mohs on Mar 22, 2020 9:23:21 GMT -5

There’s more to that statement.
I can’t get it now-- cause the library as closed due to the Plague.
But -it goes something like this:

We must leave the seashore now.
Cause it getting dark, its suppertime,
and we need to be with our family.

The moral is-- the great unknown lies before us like a ocean.
It’s a marvel that we can try to comprehend. A diversion.
Yet, we also need food, shelter, kind ,hearth.
Those take hearty energy.
And on the way towards those
I promise to tell ya story….

dazagneiss

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